1. Introduction / Grzegorz Mikusiński, Jean-Michel Roberge and Robert J. Fuller Part I. Forest birds and their adaptations. 2. Origins and dynamics of forest birds of the Northern Hemisphere / Jacques Blondel ; 3. Ecological adaptations of birds to forest environments / Marc-André Villard and Ruud Foppen ; 4. Tree holes and hole-nesting birds in European and North American forests / Tomasz Wesołowski and Kathy Martin Part II. European forests and their bird communities. 5. Macroecological patterns in forest bird diversity in Europe / Grzegorz Mikusiński, Dani Villero, Sergi Herrando and Lluís Brotons ; 6. Boreal forest bird assemblages and their conservation / Jean-Michel Roberge, Raimo Virkkala and Mikko Mönkkönen ; 7. Subalpine coniferous forests of Europe / Pierre Mollet, Kurt Bollmann, Veronika Braunisch and Raphaël Arlettaz ; 8. Temperate forests : a European perspective on variation and dynamics in bird assemblages / Tomasz Wesołowski, Robert J. Fuller and Martin Flade ; 9. Mediterranean forest bird communities and the role of landscape heterogeneity in space and time / Lluís Brotons, Sergi Herrando, Clélia Sirami, Vassiliki Kati and Mario Díaz ; 10. Plantations of non-native tree species : opportunities and limitations for birds in intensively managed forests / John Calladine, Mario Díaz, Luís Reino, David Jardine and Mark Wilson Part III. Conservation and management. 11. Population trends and conservation status of forest birds / Aleksi Lehikoinen and Raimo Virkkala ; 12. Hunting and other forms of exploitation and persecution of forest birds / Ilse Storch ; 13. Conservation strategies and habitat management for European forest birds / Robert J. Fuller and Hugo Robles ; 14. Future forests : avian implications and research priorities / Grzegorz Mikusiński, Jean-Michel Roberge and Robert J. Fuller.